[世界公民運動]李東昇的新家

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沒錯! 英國 確實未訂定 [官方語言]

但是 英語 是實際上的官方語言

至於 美國 的 國家語言 的現況,參看文章最後一段

[2006/05/19]美國訂定 [英文]為 [國家語言]!

雖然,並未採行更具體的策略,但是 法理上,已經訂定!

而且全世界 絕大部分國家 都訂定了 [官方語言],請看:

http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%98%E6%96%B9%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8

這是世界上主權國家所規定的的官方語言的完整列表。它包含所有在一個國家或一個國家的一個地區有官方地位的語言。這個列表包括所有官方語言，無論它是在全國範圍通用的還是僅僅是在一個小地區通行，也不論它是主要語言還是少數民族語言。 只有有明確領土及主權、在國際上被廣泛承認的獨立政治實體被作為國家列於此處。這不是一個國家 或 地區的列表， 儘管有很多國家和地區在列表中。

對於境外領, refer to the corresponding sovereign states.

定義

• 官方語言: one designated as having a unique legal status in the state, typically, the language used in a nation's legislative bodies, and often, official government business
• 地區語言: one designated as having official status limited to a specific area, administrative division, or territory of the state (on this page a regional language will have parentheses next to it that contain a region, province, etc. were the language has regional status)
• 少數民族語言: (as used here) one spoken by a minority population within the state and officially designated as such; typically afforded protection and designated an officially permissible language for legal and government business in a specific area or territory of the state (on this page a minority language will be followed by parentheses that identify its minority status)
• 國家語言: one that uniquely represents the national identity of a state, nation, and/or country and so designated by a country's government; some are technically minority languages (on this page a national language will be followed by parentheses that identify it as a national language status)

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至於 世界各國的 語言政策,請看:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_policy

還有 世界各國的 語言政策(政治議題),請看:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_politics

至於 世界各國的 語言政治議題(具有爭議的),請看:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_where_language_is_a_political_issue

很容易理解,大多數先進國家,都有 國家語言政策

而且 大多數 都是 採用 多語言政策

至於 國家語言 則請看:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_language

Official versus national languages

The national languages of stateless nations are often not official languages in any country. Some have no government recognition, while others may enjoy a high degree of official recognition. Some examples of national languages that are not official languages include Aromanian, Cherokee, and Navajo (and other living Native American languages). Certain languages may enjoy government recognition or even status as official languages in some countries while not in others. India has a list of 23 official languages. Neither the constitution nor the laws of India accord the status of "National Language" to any language in India. Indian law states that no language will be made the National Language unless and until all the constituent states of the Union of India accept it. Out of the 28 states and 7 union territories, only 10 states and 3 union territories have Hindi as the principal official language.

China

See also: Standard Mandarin and History of Standard Mandarin.

In China, plenty of spoken variants have been existing in different parts of the country. In the ancient time, several local dialects were chosen as the official spoken language, such as dialects from Hangzhou, Nanjing, etc.

After the Xinhai Revolution in 1911, the Chinese Nationalist party - Kuomintang founded the Republic of China. In order to promote a sense of national unity and enhance the efficiency of communications within the nation, the Government decided to designate a national language. The Beijing dialect of Mandarin and Guangzhou dialect of Cantonese were the most popular options, and the Beijing dialect was chosen to be the national language, given the name "國語" in Chinese (Pinyin: Guóyǔ, lit. national language, commonly known as "Standard Mandarin" in English). In the beginning there were attempts to introduce elements from other Chinese spoken variants into the national language, in addition to those existing in Beijing dialect. But this was deemed too difficult, and was abandoned in 1924. Since then the Beijing dialect became the major source of standard national pronunciations, due to its prestigious status in the preceding Qing Dynasty. Elements from other dialects continue to exist in the standard language.

After the Chinese Civil War in 1949, the Chinese communist party established the People's Republic of China in mainland China. The nationalist regime of the Republic of China retreated to the island of Taiwan and maintained the same policy. On the other hand, the People's Republic of China, which administers mainland China, continued the effort, and renamed the national language that is largely based on the Beijing dialect as "普通話" (Pinyin: pǔtōnghuà, lit. common speech) in Chinese. ...

Republic of Ireland

Irish, a Celtic language, is recognized as the primary constitutional language of Ireland; notwithstanding that English is the de facto language of the nation. It is spoken by about only 5% of its population as a first language; however, the majority of the country have a reasonable spoken comprehension of it.

Malta

In Malta, the Maltese language is the national language. This is recognised as official as well together with English. In Malta most of the people speak the Maltese language and it is recognised as "national" in Chapter 1 of the Laws of Malta.

Philippines

The Filipino language, which is based on Tagalog and other existing Filipino languages, is designated by the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines as the national language. The constitution designates both Filipino and English as official languages. More than 170 languages are spoken in the Philippines and almost all of them belong to the Borneo-Philippines languages group of the Austronesian language family.

Singapore

In Singapore, the Malay language is the national and official language, since it is the native language of Malay Singaporeans, who were the original inhabitants of the land but are now a minority due to mass ethnic Chinese immigration and who now make up only 12.4% of the total population of 4.24 million. Three other languages enjoy official language status, including English, which is the language of business and governance and the medium of instruction in public schools; Mandarin Chinese, which is spoken by the majority (75%) of the population, and Tamil(some 10%).

United States

On May 19, 2006, the United States Senate voted to make English the national language of the United States. According to the bill, written by Sen. James M. Inhofe (R-Okla.), the federal government will no longer provide multilingual communications and services, except for those already guaranteed by law. Shortly after the approval of the Inhofe amendment, the Senate voted for another bill by Sen. Ken Salazar (D-Colo.), according to which English is the "common unifying language of the United States," but mandated that nothing in that declaration "shall diminish or expand any existing rights" regarding multilingual services.

Previous incarnations of this bill were co-written and supported by Ron Unz, California millionaire. He, along with his organization (U.S. English), has been pushing for the "English-Only" cause for many years.

The impact of these bills is not immediately clear. It is also interesting to note that Inhofe switched the language from "official language" to "national language" in a last minute change.

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那麼,在我版面上叫囂者,還要硬ㄠ嗎?

至於 法律訂定 跟 充分溝通 已經進行了 五年了!

現在 還開放大家表達意見!

不然還要怎樣!!!

我實在不懂,不了解真相,也不承認錯誤,還要繼續硬ㄠ,怎麼有這麼無恥的人?! 

[李東昇的意見]先看 CIA 的資料

https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/fields/2098.html

[李東昇的意見]真是夠了!

拜託這些闌尾質詢之前,看看我的文章,好嗎?

別再丟人現眼了

這些人就是一個月領我們近百萬的薪水的人嗎?

現在的國語課本,將改稱 [華語] 懂嗎?

外來語? 到底在扯什麼?

至於 解決華語,台語,客語跟原住民語 的 通行音標[UPA]

請看我文章後的連結,有完整的配套

請參看:

•去國語化? 亂扯什麼?跟當年[推行標準國語政策]什麼事!
•去國語化? 這些闌尾跟藍霉夠了吧!
•去國語化? 同樣是拆,同樣是正名,為何面對的態度差別這麼大?
•去國語化? 白馬非馬論又出現了!
•去國語化?國家語言政策115個問與答
•去國語化? 名詞解釋(必也正名乎!)

•去國語化?Chinese 是 中文 還是 漢語 的探討, Mandarin 是 官話?北京話?普通話?國語?

•新版語言代碼(ISO 639-3)常用語言表列(186種語言)
•ISO 639-1跟 639-2,639-3的對照表
•ISO 639-1語言代碼(舊標準的介紹)
•SIL修訂的ISO639-3正式成為國際標準

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中國時報 2007.03.29　
語言政策制定 藍委質疑國語將改稱外來語？
中央社
　行政院研擬國家語言發展法，不論是台語、客語、原住民語，以後都可能改稱「國語」。泛藍立委今天表示，部份人士稱現行國語為「北京話」，政策制定後，國語課本是否改稱「外來語」？教育部並未對此正面回應。
　立法院教育及文化委員會今天上午討論國家語言發展政策，行政院文化建設委員會、教育部等單位專案報告並備質詢。
　中國國民黨籍立委盧秀燕(台中市)質詢指出，國家語言發展法精神是尊重各種母語，未來不論台語、客家語、原住民語等鄉土語言，都將稱為「國語」。她質疑，現行鄉土語言課本，以後封面都必須改成「國語」課本，而現在大家使用的「國語」被部份人士稱為「北京話」，以後是否必須改稱「外來語」？
　國民黨籍立委李慶安(台北市)則拿出教育部推出的閩南語「台羅拼音」以及新造的閩南語標準字，包括「tshi」、「斫」等，詢問教育部官員「怎麼讀、怎麼念」？現場沒有一個官員答得出來。
　李慶安說，國家語言政策是要尊重每個人的母語，但教育部卻大搞政治意識形態，「教育部開發的拼音系統與標準字，卻連官員也不會念」，實在是惡整學生與老師。
　民主進步黨籍立委管碧玲也對各種語言的名稱用法不滿意。她批評教育部提出的報告說，這份報告內容提到現行國語時，有的部份稱呼「漢語」，有的部份又稱「華語」，還有部份民眾稱為「北京話」，而報告中所稱呼「台語」也出現「閩南語」、「河洛話」、「福佬話」等不同用法。
　管碧玲說，國家語言發展法制定在即，但教育部對語言卻沒有統一稱呼，「配套還沒完成就急著把議題丟出」，應該檢討。
　教育部常務次長周燦德並未正面回答立委提出的問題，僅強調國家語言發展法通過後，語言課本未來將依照規定重新編寫內容，若課本內容不變，也不排除繼續使用現行課本。